Home » » Super Splendor 2012 Model

Super Splendor 2012 Model

Tidak ada komentar

Super Splendor 2012 Model

American photographic and film company

Not to be confused with Kodiak.

For the company that owns the surviving photographic assets, based in Hertfordshire, UK, see Kodak Alaris. For other uses, see Kodak (disambiguation).

Eastman Kodak Company
Logo of the Eastman Kodak Company.svg
Type Public company

Traded as

 NYSE: KODK
Russell 2000 Index component
Industry
  • Graphic arts
  • Imaging technology
  • Consumer products
Predecessor The Eastman Dry Plate and Film Company
Founded May 23, 1892; 129 years ago  (May 23, 1892)
Founders
  • George Eastman
  • Henry A. Strong
Headquarters Kodak Tower
Rochester, New York, U.S.

Area served

 Worldwide

Key people

 James V. Continenza
(Executive chairman and CEO)
Products Digital imaging, photographic materials, equipment and services
Revenue Decrease US$1.018 billion (2020) [1]

Operating income

 Negative increase US$ −376 million (2020) [1]

Net income

 Negative increase US$ −541 million (2020) [1]
Total assets Decrease US$1.248 billion (2020) [1]
Total equity Decrease US$77 million (2020) [1]

Number of employees

 Decrease 4,500 (2020) [2]
Website www.kodak.com

Kodak 35mm film cartridge alongside Asahi Pentax film camera. The shift from film to digital greatly affected Kodak's business.

The Eastman Kodak Company (referred to simply as Kodak ) is an American public company that produces various products related to its historic basis in analogue photography. The company is headquartered in Rochester, New York, and is incorporated in New Jersey.[3] Kodak provides packaging, functional printing, graphic communications, and professional services for businesses around the world. Its main business segments are Print Systems, Enterprise Inkjet Systems, Micro 3D Printing and Packaging, Software and Solutions, and Consumer and Film.[4] [5] [6] It is best known for photographic film products.

Kodak was founded by George Eastman and Henry A. Strong on May 23, 1892.[7] During most of the 20th century, Kodak held a dominant position in photographic film. The company's ubiquity was such that its "Kodak moment" tagline entered the common lexicon to describe a personal event that deserved to be recorded for posterity.[8] Kodak began to struggle financially in the late 1990s, as a result of the decline in sales of photographic film and its slowness in moving to digital photography, despite developing the first self-contained digital camera.[9] As a part of a turnaround strategy, Kodak began to focus on digital photography and digital printing, and attempted to generate revenues through aggressive patent litigation.[10] [11]

In January 2012, Kodak filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy protection in the United States Bankruptcy Court for the Southern District of New York.[12] [13] [14] Shortly thereafter Kodak announced that it would stop making digital cameras, pocket video cameras and digital picture frames and focus on the corporate digital imaging market.[15] Digital cameras are still sold under the Kodak brand by JK Imaging Ltd under an agreement with Kodak. In August 2012, Kodak announced its intention to sell its photographic film, commercial scanners and kiosk operations, as a measure to emerge from bankruptcy, but not its motion picture film operations.[16] In January 2013, the Court approved financing for Kodak to emerge from bankruptcy by mid 2013.[17] [18] Kodak sold many of its patents for approximately $525,000,000 to a group of companies (including Apple, Google, Facebook, Amazon, Microsoft, Samsung, Adobe Systems, and HTC) under the names Intellectual Ventures and RPX Corporation.[19] [20] On September 3, 2013, the company emerged from bankruptcy having shed its large legacy liabilities and exited several businesses.[21] Personalized Imaging and Document Imaging are now part of Kodak Alaris, a separate company owned by the UK-based Kodak Pension Plan.[22] [23]

In response to the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020, Kodak announced it would begin production of pharmaceutical materials.[24]

History [edit]

Name [edit]

The letter k was a favorite of Eastman's; he is quoted as saying, "it seems a strong, incisive sort of letter."[25] He and his mother, Maria, devised the name Kodak using an Anagrams set. Eastman said that there were three principal concepts he used in creating the name: it should be short, easy to pronounce, and not resemble any other name or be associated with anything else.[26] According to a 1920 ad, the name "was simply invented—made up from letters of the alphabet to meet our trade-mark requirements. It was short and euphonious and likely to stick in the public mind."[27]

Beginning and strategy [edit]

Kodak camera advertisement from 1888.

The Kodak factory and main office in Rochester, circa 1910.

From the company's founding by George Eastman in 1888, Kodak followed the razor and blades business model of selling inexpensive cameras and making large margins from consumables – film, chemicals, and paper. As late as 1976, Kodak commanded 90% of film sales and 85% of camera sales in the U.S.[28] Kodak developed and patented the first handheld digital camera in 1975.[29] [30]

Kodak Camera (1888) [edit]

Kodak began selling its original camera, created by George Eastman, in 1888 in the US for $25. It was a leather-covered box camera that came pre-loaded with 100-exposure roll film. When used up, the entire camera could be sent to the Kodak factory, after which it would be returned loaded with fresh film along with the negatives and mounted prints, for a cost of $10. It was advertised with the slogan "You Press the Button, We Do the Rest".[31] [32] Replacement film was sold for $2 for customers who had access to photographic processing.[33] The ease of use and relatively low cost made photography widely accessible to the general public rather than only professional photographers, beginning the modern era of consumer photography.[33] [34]

Characteristics [edit]

The Kodak was a camera box built in the shape of a parallelepiped, with a fixed-focus lens on the front and no viewfinder; two V shape silhouettes at the top aided in aiming in the direction of the subject. At the top it had a rotating key to advance the film, a pull-string to set the shutter, and a button on the side to release it, exposing the celluloid film. Inside, it had a rotating bar (this bar was soon replaced by a simpler mechanism due to its manufacturing price) to operate the shutter: when the user pressed the button to take a photograph, an inner rope was tightened and the photographic exposure began. Once the photograph had been taken, the user had to rotate the upper key to change the selected frame within the celluloid tape.

Rivalry with Fujifilm [edit]

Japanese competitor Fujifilm entered the U.S. market (via Fuji Photo Film U.S.A.) with lower-priced film and supplies, but Kodak did not believe that American consumers would ever desert its brand.[35] Kodak declined an opportunity to become the official film of the 1984 Los Angeles Olympics; Fuji won these sponsorship rights, which gave it a permanent foothold in the market. Fuji opened a film plant in the U.S., and its aggressive marketing and price cutting began taking market share from Kodak. Fuji went from a 10% share in the early 1990s to 17% in 1997. Fuji also made headway into the professional market with specialty transparency films such as Velvia and Provia, which competed successfully with Kodak's signature professional product, Kodachrome, but used the more economical and common E-6 processing machines which were standard in most processing labs, rather than the dedicated machines required by Kodachrome. Fuji's films soon also found a competitive edge in higher-speed negative films, with a tighter grain structure.[ citation needed ]

In May 1995, Kodak filed a petition with the US Commerce Department under section 301 of the Commerce Act arguing that its poor performance in the Japanese market was a direct result of unfair practices adopted by Fuji. The complaint was lodged by the United States with the World Trade Organization.[36] On January 30, 1998, the WTO announced a "sweeping rejection of Kodak's complaints" about the film market in Japan. Kodak's financial results for the year ending December 1997 showed that company's revenues dropped from $15.97 billion in 1996 to $14.36 billion in 1997, a fall of more than 10%; its net earnings went from $1.29 billion to just $5 million for the same period. Kodak's market share declined from 80.1% to 74.7% in the United States, a one-year drop of five percentage points that had observers suggesting that Kodak was slow to react to changes and underestimated its rivals.[9] [37] [38]

Although from the 1970s both Fuji and Kodak recognized the upcoming threat of digital photography, and although both sought diversification as a mitigation strategy, Fuji was more successful at diversification.[35]

Shift to digital [edit]

The Kodak 'K' logo was introduced in 1971. The version seen here – with the 'Kodak' name in a more modern typeface – was used from 1987 until the logo's discontinuation in 2006. A revised version was reintroduced in 2016.[39]

Kodak logo from 2006 to 2016. It is still used by Kodak Alaris.

Although Kodak developed the first handheld digital camera in 1975, the product was dropped for fear it would threaten Kodak's main income; its photographic film business.[40] [41] [29] In the 1990s, Kodak planned a decade-long journey to move to digital technology. CEO George M. C. Fisher reached out to Microsoft and other new consumer merchandisers. Apple's pioneering QuickTake consumer digital cameras, introduced in 1994, had the Apple label but were produced by Kodak. The DC-20 and DC-25 launched in 1996. Overall, though, there was little implementation of the new digital strategy. Kodak's core business faced no pressure from competing technologies, and as Kodak executives could not imagine a world without traditional film there was little incentive to deviate from that course. Consumers gradually switched to the digital offering from companies such as Sony. In 2001 film sales dropped, which was attributed by Kodak to the financial shocks caused by the September 11 attacks. Executives hoped that Kodak might be able to slow the shift to digital through aggressive marketing.[42]

Under Daniel Carp, Fisher's successor as CEO, Kodak made its move in the digital camera market, with its EasyShare family of digital cameras. Kodak spent tremendous resources studying customer behavior, finding out that women in particular loved taking digital photos but were frustrated in moving them to their computers. This key unmet consumer need became a major opportunity. Once Kodak got its product development machine started, it released a wide range of products which made it easy to share photos via PCs. One of their key innovations was a printer dock, where consumers could insert their cameras into this compact device, press a button, and watch their photos roll out. By 2005, Kodak ranked No. 1 in the U.S. in digital camera sales that surged 40% to $5.7 billion.[43]

Despite the high growth, Kodak failed to anticipate how fast digital cameras became commodities, with low profit margins, as more companies entered the market in the mid-2000s.[44] In 2001, Kodak held the No. 2 spot in U.S. digital camera sales (behind Sony) but it lost $60 on every camera sold, while there was also a dispute between employees from its digital and film divisions.[45] The film business, where Kodak enjoyed high profit margins, fell 18% in 2005. The combination of these two factors resulted in disappointing profits overall.[42] Its digital cameras soon became undercut by Asian competitors that could produce their offerings more cheaply. Kodak had a 27% market-leading share in 1999, that dropped to 15% by 2003.[45] In 2007, Kodak was No. 4 in U.S. digital camera sales with a 9.6% share, and by 2010, it held 7% in seventh place behind Canon, Sony, Nikon, and others, according to research firm IDC.[46] Also, an ever-smaller percentage of digital pictures were being taken on dedicated digital cameras, being gradually displaced in the late 2000s by cameras on cellphones, smartphones, and tablets.

New strategy [edit]

Kodak then began a strategy shift: while Kodak had previously done everything in-house, CEO Antonio Pérez shut down film factories and eliminated 27,000 jobs as it outsourced its manufacturing.[47] Pérez invested heavily in digital technologies and new services that capitalized on its technology innovation to boost profit margins.[42] He also spent hundreds of millions of dollars to build up a high-margin printer ink business to replace falling film sales. Kodak's ink strategy rejected the razor and blades business model used by dominant market leader Hewlett-Packard in that Kodak's printers were expensive but the ink was cheaper.[48] As of 2011, these new lines of inkjet printers were said to be on verge of turning a profit, although some analysts were skeptical as printouts had been replaced gradually by electronic copies on computers, tablets, and smartphones.[48] Home photograph printers, high-speed commercial inkjet presses, workflow software, and packaging were viewed as the company's new core businesses, with sales from those four businesses projected to double to nearly $2 billion in revenue in 2013 and account for 25% of all sales. However, while Kodak named home printers as a core business as late as August 2012, at the end of September declining sales forced Kodak to announce an exit from the consumer inkjet market.[49]

Kodak has also turned to litigation to generate revenue.[10] [11] In 2010, it received $838 million from patent licensing that included a settlement with LG.[9]

In 2010, Apple filed a patent-infringement claim against Kodak. On May 12, 2011, Judge Robert Rogers rejected Apple's claims that two of its digital photography patents were being violated by Kodak.[50]

On July 1, 2011, the U.S. International Trade Commission partially reversed a January decision by an administrative law judge stating that neither Apple nor Research in Motion had infringed upon Kodak's patents. The ITC remanded the matter for further proceedings before the ALJ.[51]

Bankruptcy [edit]

In 2011, despite the turnaround progress, Kodak rapidly used up its cash reserves, stoking fears of bankruptcy; it had $957 million in cash in June 2011, down from $1.6 billion in January 2001.[52] In 2011, Kodak reportedly explored selling off or licensing its vast portfolio of patents to stave off bankruptcy.[52] By January 2012, analysts suggested that the company could enter bankruptcy followed by an auction of its patents, as it was reported to be in talks with Citigroup to provide debtor-in-possession financing.[13] [53] This was confirmed on January 19, 2012, when the company filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy protection and obtained a $950 million, 18-month credit facility from Citigroup to enable it to continue operations.[12] [13] [14] Under the terms of its bankruptcy protection, Kodak had a deadline of February 15, 2013, to produce a reorganization plan.[54]

In April 2013, Kodak showed its first Micro Four-Thirds camera, to be manufactured by JK Imaging.[55] [56]

On September 3, 2013, Kodak announced that it emerged from bankruptcy as a technology company focused on imaging for business.[21] Its main business segments are Digital Printing & Enterprise and Graphics, Entertainment & Commercial Films.[4]

On March 12, 2014, Kodak announced that Jeffrey J. Clarke had been named as chief executive officer and a member of its board of directors.[57] [58] [59]

On January 1, 2015, Kodak announced a new five business division structure; Print Systems, Enterprise Inkjet Systems, Micro 3D Printing and Packaging, Software and Solutions, and Consumer and Film.[6] [60]

Timeline [edit]

1880–1898 [edit]

Eastman glass plates.jpg

An original Kodak camera, complete with box, camera, case, felt lens plug, manual, memorandum and viewfinder card

An advertisement from The Photographic Herald and Amateur Sportsman (November 1889)

Advertisement for a folding "pocket" Kodak camera (August 1900)

  • April 1880: George Eastman leased the third floor of a building on State Street in Rochester N.Y. and began the commercial manufacture of dry plates.
  • January 1, 1881: Eastman and businessman Henry A. Strong formed a partnership called the Eastman Dry Plate Company.[61] Eastman resigned his position at the Rochester Savings Bank to work full-time at the Eastman Dry Plate Company.
  • 1884: The Eastman-Strong partnership was dissolved and the Eastman Dry Plate and Film Company formed with 14 shareowners. The Eastman Dry Plate Company was responsible for the first cameras suitable for non-expert use.
  • 1885: George Eastman bought David Houston's patents for roll film and developed them further. These were the basis for the invention of motion picture film, as used by early filmmakers and Thomas Edison.
  • September 4, 1888: Eastman registered the trademark Kodak.[62]
  • 1888: The first model of the Kodak camera appeared. It took round pictures 6.4 cm (2.5 in) in diameter, was of the fixed focus type, and carried a roll of film enough for 100 exposures. Its invention practically marked the advent of amateur photography, as before that time both apparatus and processes were too burdensome to classify photography as recreation. The roll film used in the first model of the Kodak camera had a paper base but was soon superseded by a film with a cellulose base, a practical transparent flexible film.[63] The first films had to be loaded into the camera and unloaded in the dark room, but the film cartridge system with its protecting strip of opaque paper made it possible to load and unload the camera in ordinary light. The Kodak Developing Machine (1900) and its simplified successor, the Kodak Film Tank, provided the means for daylight development of film, making the dark room unnecessary for any of the operations of amateur photography. The earlier types of the Kodak cameras were of the box form and of fixed focus, and as various sizes were added, devices for focusing the lenses were incorporated.[63]
  • 1889: The Eastman Company was formed.[64]
  • 1891: Opens its first facility outside the U.S. in Harrow, England (Kodak Harrow).
  • 1891: George Eastman began to produce a second line of cameras, the Ordinary range.[65]
  • 1892: It was renamed the Eastman Kodak Company in 1892. Eastman Kodak Company of New York was organized.[64] He coined the advertising slogan, "You Press the Button, We Do the Rest."[66] The Kodak company thereby attained its name from the first simple roll film cameras produced by Eastman Dry Plate Company, known as the "Kodak" in its product line.
  • Early 1890s: The first folding Kodak cameras were introduced. These were equipped with folding bellows that permitted much greater compactness.
  • 1895: The first pocket Kodak camera, the $5 Pocket Kodak, was introduced.[67] It was of the box form type, slipping easily into an ordinary coat pocket, and producing negatives 1½ x 2 inches.
  • 1897: The first folding pocket Kodak camera was introduced,[63] and was mentioned in the novel Dracula, published the same year.
  • 1898: George Eastman purchased the patent for Velox photographic paper from Leo Baekeland for $1,000,000. After this time, Velox paper was then sold by Eastman Kodak.

1900–1999 [edit]

Eastman Kodak Non Curling 116 Film (Expired: 1925)

  • 1900: The Brownie camera was introduced, creating a new mass market for photography.
  • 1901: The present company, Eastman Kodak Company of New Jersey, was formed under the laws of that state. Eventually, the business in Jamestown was moved in its entirety to Rochester, and the plants in Jamestown were demolished.
  • 1908: Kodak acquires the exclusive right to supply film stock for the MPPC cartel. A similar attempt to secure an arrangement with European producers at the Paris Film Congress the following year falls through when French courts rule it illegal.
  • By 1920: An "Autographic Feature" provided a means for recording data on the margin of the negative at the time of exposure. This feature was supplied on all Kodak cameras with the exception of a box camera designed for making panoramic pictures[63] and was discontinued in 1932.
  • 1920: Tennessee Eastman was founded as a wholly owned subsidiary. The company's primary purpose was the manufacture of chemicals, such as acetyls, needed for Kodak's film photography products.
  • 1930: Eastman Kodak Company was added to the Dow Jones Industrial Average index on July 18, 1930. The company remained listed as one of the DJIA companies for the next 74 years, ending in 2004.[68]

Kodak Camera Center, Tennessee, ca. 1930–1945

  • 1932: George Eastman dies at age 77 on March 14, 1932, taking his own life with a gunshot. The suicide note he leaves behind reads, "To my friends: My work is done. Why wait?"[69]

Kodachrome II – Film for color slides

  • 1935: Kodak introduced Kodachrome, a color reversal stock for movie and slide film.
  • 1936: Kodak branches out into manufacture of hand-grenades.
  • 1940–1944: Eastman Kodak ranked 62nd among United States corporations in the value of World War II military production contracts.[70]
  • 1945: Kodak researchers discover the first ever detonation of an atomic bomb in New Mexico, because a radioactive contaminant was encountered in strawboard material used by the Eastman Kodak Company for packaging photographic sensitive films.[71]
  • 1934–1956: Kodak introduces the Retina Series 35mm Camera

    Kodak Retina Series Cameras were produced between 1949 until 1956. It also had the KodaChrome Technology

  • 1958: Kodak releases an adhesive called Eastman No. 910. To the public, it is known as Super Glue.
  • 1959: Kodak introduced the Starmatic camera, the first automatic Brownie camera, which sold 10 million units over the next five years.
  • 1963: Kodak introduced the Instamatic camera, an inexpensive, easy-to-load, point-and-shoot camera.
  • 1970: Kodak scientists disclose the continuous wave tunable dye laser.[72] This becomes a product for several high-tech companies but not at Kodak.
  • 1975: Steven Sasson, then an electrical engineer at Kodak, invented a digital camera.[46]
  • 1975: Kodak releases their first plain paper photocopier the Kodak Ektaprint 100 Copier-Duplicator.[73]
  • 1976: The Bayer pattern color filter array (CFA) was invented by Eastman Kodak researcher Bryce Bayer. The order in which dyes are placed on an image sensor photosite is still in use today. The basic technology is still the most commonly used of its kind to date.
  • 1976: Kodak introduced the first Kodamatic, instant picture cameras, using a similar film and technology to that of the Polaroid company.
  • 1976: The company sold 90% of the photographic film in the US along with 85% of the cameras as well as Kodak introducing a new president to the company, named Robert Moyer. Robert Moyer stayed on the board as a chairman until 1989.[9]
  • 1978: Kodak introduces the Ektachem clinical chemistry testing system. The system employs dry film technology, and within 5 years was being used by most hospitals in the country.
  • 1981: Kodak was sued by Polaroid for infringement of its Instant Picture patents. The suit ran for five years, the court finally finding in favour of Polaroid in 1986.
  • 1982: Kodak launched the Kodak Disc film format for consumer cameras. The format ultimately proved unpopular and was later discontinued.
  • 1986: Kodak scientists created the world's first megapixel sensor, capable of recording 1.4 million pixels and producing a photo-quality 12.5 cm × 17.5 cm (4.9 in × 6.9 in) print.
  • 1987: Ching W. Tang, a senior research associate, and his colleague, Steven Van Slyke, developed the first multi-layer OLEDs at the Kodak Research Laboratories, for which he later became a Fellow of the Society for Information Display (SID)
  • 1988: Kodak buys Sterling Drug for $5.1 Billion[74]
  • 1988: Kodak scientists introduce the coumarin tetramethyl laser dyes[75] also used in OLED devices. These become a successful product until the line of fine chemicals is sold.
  • 1988: Kodak buys IBMs PhotoCopier arm for an undisclosed sum.[76]
  • 1991: The Kodak Professional Digital Camera System or DCS, the first commercially available digital single-lens reflex (DSLR) camera. A customized camera back bearing the digital image sensor was mounted on a Nikon F3 body and released by Kodak in May; the company had previously shown the camera at photokina in 1990.
  • 1993: Eastman Chemical, a Kodak subsidiary founded by George Eastman in 1920 to supply Kodak's chemical needs, was spun off as a separate corporation. Eastman Chemical became a Fortune 500 company in its own right.[77] [78]
  • 1994: Apple Quicktake, a consumer digital camera was debuted by Apple Computer. Some models were manufactured by Kodak.
  • 1996: Kodak sells its photocopier arm to Danka.[76]

2000–2009 [edit]

  • 2003: Kodak introduced the Kodak EasyShare LS633 Digital Camera, the first camera to feature an AMOLED display, and the Kodak EasyShare Printer Dock 6000, the world's first printer-and-camera dock combination.
  • November 2003: Kodak acquired the Israel-based company Algotec Systems, a developer of advanced picture archiving and communication systems (PACS), which enable radiology departments to digitally manage and store medical images and information.[79]
  • January 2004: Kodak announced that it would stop selling traditional film cameras in Europe and North America, and cut up to 15,000 jobs (around a fifth of its total workforce at the time).[10] [80] [81]
  • April 8, 2004: Kodak was delisted from the Dow Jones Industrial Average index, having been a constituent for 74 consecutive years.[68]
  • May 2004: Kodak signed an exclusive long-term agreement with Lexar Media, licensing the Kodak brand for use on digital memory cards designed, manufactured, sold, and distributed by Lexar.[82]
  • January 2005: The Kodak EasyShare-One Digital Camera, the world's first Wi-Fi consumer digital camera capable of sending pictures by email, was unveiled at the 2005 CES.
  • January 2005: Kodak acquired the Israel-based company OREX Computed Radiography, a provider of compact computed radiography systems that enable medical practitioners to acquire patient x-ray images digitally.[83]
  • January 2005: Kodak acquired the Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada-based company Creo.
  • January 2006: Kodak unveiled the Kodak EasyShare V570 Dual Lens Digital Camera, the world's first dual-lens digital still camera and smallest ultra-wide-angle optical zoom digital camera, at the CES. Using proprietary Kodak Retina Dual Lens technology, the V570 wrapped an ultra-wide angle lens (23 mm) and a second optical zoom lens (39 – 117 mm) into a body less than 2.5 cm (an inch) thick.
  • April 2006: Kodak introduced the Kodak EasyShare V610 Dual Lens Digital Camera, at that time the world's smallest 10× (38–380 mm) optical zoom camera at less than 2.5 cm (an inch) thick.[84] [85]
  • August 1, 2006: Kodak agreed to divest its digital camera manufacturing operations to Flextronics, including assembly, production and testing.[86] [87] As part of the sale it was agreed that Flextronics would manufacture and distribute consumer digital cameras for Kodak, and conduct some design and development functions for it. Kodak kept high-level digital camera design in house, continued to conduct research and development in digital still cameras, and retained all intellectual property and patents. Approximately 550 Kodak personnel transferred to Flextronics.
  • January 10, 2007: Kodak agreed to sell Kodak Health Group to Onex Corporation for $2.35 billion in cash, and up to $200 million in additional future payments if Onex achieved specified returns on the acquisition.[88] The sale was completed May 1.[89] Kodak used part of the proceeds to fully repay its approximately $1.15 billion of secured term debt. Around 8,100 employees transferred to Onex, and Kodak Health Group was renamed Carestream Health. Kodak Health Group had revenue of $2.54 billion for the 12 months to September 30, 2006.
  • April 19, 2007: Kodak announced an agreement to sell its light management films business, which produced films designed to improve the brightness and efficiency of liquid crystal displays, to Rohm and Haas. The divested business comprised 125 workers. As part of the transaction Rohm and Haas agreed to license technology and purchase equipment from Kodak, and lease Building 318 at Kodak Park. The sale price was not disclosed.[90]
  • May 25, 2007: Kodak announced a cross-licensing agreement with Chi Mei Optoelectronics and its affiliate Chi Mei EL (CMEL), enabling CMEL to use Kodak technology for active matrix OLED modules in a variety of small to medium size display applications.[91]
  • June 14, 2007: Kodak announced a two to fourfold increase in sensitivity to light (from one to two stops) compared to current sensor designs. This design was a departure from the classic "Bayer filter" by adding panchromatic or "clear" pixels to the RGB elements on the sensor array. Since these pixels are sensitive to all wavelengths of visible light, they collect a significantly higher proportion of the light striking the sensor. In combination with advanced Kodak software algorithms optimized for these new patterns, photographers benefited from an increase in photographic speed (improving performance in low light), faster shutter speeds (reducing motion blur for moving subjects), and smaller pixels (higher resolutions in a given optical format) while retaining performance. The technology was credited to Kodak scientists John Compton and John Hamilton.[92]
  • September 4, 2007: Kodak announced a five-year extension of its partnership with Lexar Media.[93]
  • November 2008: Kodak released the Kodak Theatre HD Player, allowing photos and videos stored on a computer to be displayed on an HDTV. Kodak licensed technology from Hillcrest Labs for the interface and pointer, which allowed a user to control the player with gestures.[94]
  • January 2009: Kodak posted a $137 million fourth-quarter loss and announced plans to cut up to 4,500 jobs.[95]
  • June 22, 2009: Kodak announced that it would cease selling Kodachrome color film by the end of 2009, ending 74 years of production, after a dramatic decline in sales.[96] [97] This went along with Kodak ceasing operation of the division of Qualex that did film development for retail and commercial customers.[98] [ better source needed ]
  • December 4, 2009: Kodak sold its organic light-emitting diode (OLED) business unit to LG Electronics, resulting in the lay-off of 60 people.[99]

2010–2019 [edit]

  • December 2010: Standard & Poor's removed Kodak from its S&P 500 index.[100]
  • September 2011: Kodak hired law firm Jones Day for restructuring advice and its stock dropped to an all-time low of $0.54 a share.[101] During 2011, Kodak shares fell more than 80 percent.[102]
  • January 2012: Kodak received a warning from the New York Stock Exchange (NYSE) notifying it that its average closing price was below $1.00 for 30 consecutive days and that over the next 6 months it must increase the closing share price to at least $1 on the last trading day of each calendar month and have an average closing price of at least $1 over the 30 trading-days prior or it would be delisted. From the $90 range in 1997, Kodak shares closed at 76 cents on January 3, 2012. On January 8, 2012, Kodak shares closed over 50% higher after the company announced a major restructuring into two main divisions, one focused on products and services for businesses, and the other on consumer products including digital cameras.[103] [104]
  • January 19, 2012: Kodak filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy protection.[13] [14] [105] The company's stock was delisted from NYSE and moved to OTC exchange. Following the news it ended the day trading down 35% at $0.36 a share.
  • February 7, 2012: The Image Sensor Solutions (ISS) division of Kodak was sold to Truesense Imaging Inc.[106]
  • February 9, 2012: Kodak announced that it would exit the digital image capture business, phasing out its production of digital cameras.[107] [108] Kodak sees home photo printers, high-speed commercial inkjet presses, workflow software and packaging with GlobalVision software integrated, as the core of its future business. Once the digital camera business is phased out, Kodak said its consumer business will focus on printing. It will seek a company to license its EasyShare digital camera brand.
  • August 24, 2012: Kodak announced that it plans to sell its film, commercial scanner and kiosk divisions.[109]
  • September 10, 2012: Kodak announced plans to cut another 1,000 jobs by the end of 2012 and that it is examining further job cuts as it works to restructure its business in bankruptcy.[110]
  • September 28, 2012: Kodak announced that it is exiting the inkjet printer business.[49]
  • December 20, 2012: Kodak announced that it plans to sell its digital imaging patents for about $525 million to some of the world's biggest technology companies, thus making a step to end bankruptcy.[111]
  • April 29, 2013: Kodak announced an agreement with the U.K. Kodak Pension Plan (KPP) to spin off Kodak's Personalized Imaging and Document Imaging businesses and settle $2.8 Billion in KPP claims.[112]
  • September 3, 2013: Kodak announces that it has emerged from Chapter 11 Bankruptcy Protection[113] as a company focused on serving commercial customers.[21]
  • October 17, 2013: Kodak brings European headquarters and the entire EAMER Technology Centre under one roof in Eysins, Switzerland. The relocation brings together the company's European headquarters and Inkjet demo facilities, which were based in Gland, Switzerland, and the Kodak EAMER Technology and Solutions Centre, which was based in La Hulpe, Belgium.[114]
  • March 12, 2014: Kodak names Jeffrey J. Clarke as its new chief executive officer.[58] [59] [115]
  • July 30, 2014: Kodak is negotiating with movie studios for an annual movie film order guarantee to preserve the last source of movie film manufacturing in the United States.[116]
  • December 2014: Kodak announced its first phone, the Kodak Ektra smartphone made by Bullitt Group.[117] The phone was expected to become available in December 2016, initially in Europe.[118]
  • January 2016: Kodak shows off a prototype of the new Super 8 Camera at CES.[119]
  • January 2017: Kodak announced it was bringing back its Ektachrome film.[120]
  • May 2017: Kodak released the Ektra smartphone to the US market.[121]
  • June 2017: Kodak announced plans to release 7" and 10" tablets with Archos in Europe.[122]
  • January 2018: Kodak announced plans to launch KodakCoin, a photographer-oriented blockchain cryptocurrency.[123]
  • September 2018: Kodak announced that the 135 and Super 8 format of Ektachrome is available again, with 16mm available later.[124]

2020–present [edit]

  • July 28, 2020: The Trump administration announced that it planned to give Kodak a $765 million loan for manufacturing ingredients used in pharmaceuticals, to rebuild the national stockpile depleted by the COVID-19 pandemic and reduce dependency on foreign factories.[125] The funding would come through U.S. International Development Finance Corporation, a government agency with international mandate.[126] Within two days, the company's stock price had gained as much as 2,189% from its price at the close of July 27 on the NYSE.[127] The New York Times reported that one day before the White House announced the loan, Kodak CEO Jim Continenza was given 1.75 million stock options, some of which he was able to execute immediately.[128] The funding was put on hold as the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission began probing allegations of insider trading by Kodak executives ahead of the deal's announcement,[129] and the funding agency's inspector general announced scrutiny into the loan terms.[130]
  • In 2021: Kodak removed a post from its Instagram feed that showed a photo from Xinjiang and made references to the Chinese government's genocide against the Uyghurs. It was removed after Chinese social media users criticized Kodak.[131]

Products and services [edit]

Current [edit]

Kodak provides packaging, functional printing, graphic communications and professional services for businesses around the world.[5] Its main business segments are Print Systems, Enterprise Inkjet Systems, Micro 3D Printing and Packaging, Software and Solutions, and Consumer and Film.[6]

Digital printing and enterprise [edit]

Kodak provides high-speed, high-volume commercial inkjet, and color and black-and-white electrophotographic printing equipment and related consumables and services.[132] It has an installed base of more than 5,000 units.

Its Prosper platform uses Stream inkjet technology, which delivers a continuous flow of ink that enables constant and consistent operation, with uniform size and accurate placement, even at very high print speeds.[133] Applications for Prosper include publishing, commercial print, direct mail, and packaging. The business also includes the customer base of Kodak VersaMark products.[134]

The NexPress platform is used for printing short-run, personalized print applications for purposes such as direct mail, books, marketing collateral and photo products. The Digimaster platform uses monochrome electrophotographic printing technology to create high-quality printing of statements, short-run books, corporate documentation, manuals and direct mail.[133] [135] [136]

Flexo printing [edit]

Kodak designs and manufactures products for flexography printing. Its Flexcel[137] line of flexo printing systems allow label printers to produce their own digital plates for customized flexo printing and flexible printed packaging.

Functional printing [edit]

The company currently has strategic relationships with worldwide touch-panel sensor leaders, such as the partnerships with UniPixel announced on April 16, 2013, and Kingsbury Corp. launched on June 27, 2013.[138] [139] [140]

Enterprise professional services [edit]

Enterprise professional services offers print and managed media services, brand protection solutions and services, and document management services to enterprise customers, including government, pharmaceuticals, and health, consumer and luxury good products, retail and finance.

Digital printing solutions [edit]

In 1997, Heidelberg Printing Machines AG and Eastman Kodak Co. created Nexpress Solutions LLC, a joint venture to develop a digital color printing press for the high-end market segment. Heidelberg acquired Eastman Kodak Co.'s Office Imaging black and white digital printing activities in 1999. In 2000, they launched the Digimaster 9110 black and white production printer and the NexPress 2100 digital color press.[ citation needed ]

In March 2004, Heidelberg transferred its Digital Print division to Eastman Kodak Co.[141] under mutual agreement.

At present, Kodak has commercial web-fed presses, commercial imprinting systems – Prosper, VersaMark and commercial sheet-fed presses – NexPress digital production color press and DIGIMASTER HD digital black and white production printer.[142]

Consumer inkjet ink cartridges [edit]

Kodak entered into consumer inkjet photo printers in a joint venture with manufacturer Lexmark in 1999 with the Kodak Personal Picture Maker.

In February 2007, Kodak re-entered the market with a new product line of All-in-One (AiO) inkjet printers that employ several technologies marketed as Kodacolor Technology. Advertising emphasizes low price for ink cartridges rather than for the printers themselves.[143]

Kodak announced plans to stop selling inkjet printers in 2013 as it focuses on commercial printing, but will still sell ink.[144]

Graphics, Entertainment and Commercial Films (GECF) [edit]

Graphics [edit]

Kodak's graphics business consists of computer to plate (CTP) devices, which Kodak first launched in 1995 when the company introduced the first thermal CTP to market. Kodak's Graphics portfolio includes front-end controllers, production workflow software, CTP output devices, and digital plates.[ citation needed ]

Global Technical Services [edit]

Kodak's Global Technical Services ("GTS") for Commercial Imaging is focused on selling service contracts for Kodak products, including the following service categories: field services, customer support services, educational services, and professional services.[ citation needed ]

Entertainment Imaging and Commercial film [edit]

Kodak's Entertainment Imaging and Commercial Film group ("E&CF") encompasses its motion picture film business, providing motion imaging products (camera negative, intermediate, print and archival film), services and technology for the professional motion picture and exhibition industries.[ citation needed ]

E&CF also offers Aerial and Industrial Films including KODAK Printed Circuit Board film, and delivers external sales for the company's component businesses: Polyester Film, Specialty Chemicals, Inks and Dispersions and Solvent Recovery.[ citation needed ]

Motion picture and TV production [edit]

The Kodak company played a role in the invention and development of the motion picture industry. Many cinema and TV productions are shot on Kodak film stocks.[145]

The home market-oriented 8mm and Super 8 formats were also developed by Kodak. Kodak also entered the professional television production video tape market, briefly in the mid-1980s, under the product portfolio name of Eastman Professional Video Tape Products. In 1990, Kodak launched a Worldwide Student Program working with university faculty throughout the world to help nurture the future generation of film-makers. Kodak formed Educational Advisory Councils in the US, Europe and Asia made up of deans and chairs of some of the most prestigious film schools throughout the world to help guide the development of their program.[ citation needed ]

Kodak previously owned the visual effects film post-production facilities Cinesite in Los Angeles and London and also LaserPacific in Los Angeles. Kodak sold Cinesite to Endless LLP, an independent British private equity house.[146]

In April 2010, Kodak sold LaserPacific and its subsidiaries Laser-Edit, Inc, and Pacific Video, Inc., in April 2010 for an undisclosed sum to TeleCorps Holdings, Inc.[147]

Kodak also sold Pro-Tek Media Preservation Services, a film storage company in Burbank, California, to LAC Group in October 2013.[148]

Technical support and on-site service [edit]

Other [edit]

Kodak markets Picture CDs and other photo products such as calendars, photo books and photo enlargements through retail partners such as CVS, Walmart and Target and through its Kodak Gallery online service, formerly known as Ofoto.[ citation needed ]

Former [edit]

Still film cameras [edit]

On January 13, 2004, Kodak announced it would stop marketing traditional still film cameras (excluding disposable cameras) in the United States, Canada and Western Europe, but would continue to sell film cameras in India, Latin America, Eastern Europe and China.[10] By the end of 2005, Kodak had ceased manufacturing cameras that used the Advanced Photo System. Kodak licensed the manufacture of Kodak branded cameras to Vivitar in 2005 and 2006. After 2007 Kodak did not license the manufacture of any film camera with the Kodak name.

Instant cameras [edit]

After losing a patent battle with Polaroid Corporation, Kodak left the instant camera business on January 9, 1986. The Kodak instant camera included models known as the Kodamatic and the Colorburst.

Polaroid was awarded damages in the patent trial in the amount of $909,457,567, a record at the time. (Polaroid Corp. v. Eastman Kodak Co., U.S. District Court District of Massachusetts, decided October 12, 1990, case no. 76-1634-MA. Published in the U.S. Patent Quarterly as 16 USPQ2d 1481). See also the following cases: Polaroid Corp. v. Eastman Kodak Co., 641 F.Supp. 828 [228 USPQ 305] (D. Mass. 1985), stay denied, 833 F.2d 930 [5 USPQ2d 1080] (Fed. Cir.), aff'd, 789 F.2d 1556 [229 USPQ 561] (Fed. Cir.), cert. denied, 479 U.S. 850 (1986).[149]

Kodak was the exclusive supplier of negatives for Polaroid cameras from 1963 until 1969, when Polaroid chose to manufacture its own instant film.

Image sensors [edit]

As part of its move toward higher end products, Kodak announced on September 15, 2006, that the new Leica M8 camera incorporates Kodak's KAF-10500 image sensor. This was the second recent partnership between Kodak and the German optical manufacturer. In 2011, Kodak sold its Image Sensor Solutions business to Platinum Equity, which subsequently renamed it Truesense Imaging, Inc.[150]

Floppy disks [edit]

In 1983, Kodak introduced a non-standard 3.3 million byte diskette; it was manufactured by an outside company, DriveTec.[151] Another was announced in 1984.[152] Kodak's 1985 purchase of Verbatim,[153] "a leading manufacturer of floppy disks" with over 2,000 employees,[154] expanded their presence; part of this acquisition was Verbatim's Data Encore unit, which "copies software onto floppy disks in a way that makes it difficult for software 'pirates' to re-copy the material."[155]

In 1982, prior to this purchase, Verbatim had partnered with a Japanese firm; in 1990 Kodak exited the diskette business and sold Verbatim to this firm, the forerunner of Mitsubishi Chemical Corporation.[156] Kodak held onto Verbatim's optical disk unit.[156]

Digital cameras and video cameras [edit]

A Kodak Easyshare Z1015 IS digital camera

Many of Kodak's early compact digital cameras were designed and built by Chinon Industries, a Japanese camera manufacturer. In 2004, Kodak Japan acquired Chinon and many of its engineers and designers joined Kodak Japan.[ citation needed ]

The Kodak DCS series of digital single-lens reflex cameras and digital camera backs were released by Kodak in the 1990s and 2000s, and discontinued in 2005. They were based on existing 35mm film SLRs from Nikon and Canon and the range included the original Kodak DCS, the first commercially available digital SLR.[ citation needed ]

In July 2006, Kodak announced that Flextronics would manufacture and help design its digital cameras.[157] [158]

Digital picture frames [edit]

Kodak first entered the digital picture frame market with the Kodak Smart Picture Frame in the fourth quarter of 2000. It was designed by Weave Innovations and licensed to Kodak with an exclusive relationship with Weave's StoryBox online photo network.[159] Smart Frame owners connected to the network via an analog telephone connection built into the frame. The frame could hold 36 images internally and came with a six-month free subscription to the StoryBox network.[160]

Kodak re-entered the digital photo frame market at CES in 2007 with the introduction of four new EasyShare-branded models that were available in sizes from 200 to 280 mm (7.9 to 11.0 in), included multiple memory card slots, and some of which included Wi-Fi capability to connect with the Kodak Gallery—that gallery functionality has now been compromised due to gallery policy changes (see below).[ citation needed ]

Kodak Gallery [edit]

In June 2001, Kodak purchased the photo-developing website Ofoto, later renamed Kodak Gallery. The website enables users to upload their photos into albums, publish them into prints, and create mousepads, calendars, etc. On March 1, 2012, Kodak announced that it sold Kodak Gallery to Shutterfly for $23.8 million.[161]

Document imaging [edit]

Kodak provides scanning technology. Historically this industry began when George Eastman partnered with banks to image checks in the 1920s. Through the development of microfilm technology, Eastman Kodak was able to provide long term document storage. Document imaging was one of the first imaging solutions to move to "digital imaging" technology. Kodak manufactured the first digital document scanners for high speed document imaging. Today Kodak manufactures scanners for banking, finance, insurance,[162] healthcare and other vertical industries. Kodak also provides associated document capture software and business process services. Eastman Kodak acquired the Bowe Bell & Howell scanner division in September 2009.

Photocopiers and duplicators [edit]

Kodak entered the plain paper photocopier market in 1975 with the Kodak Ektaprint 100 Copier-Duplicator.[73] In 1986 they announced the Ektaprint 235 copier-duplicator, capable of producing 5,100 copies per hour, and the Ektaprint 300, capable of producing 6,000 copies per hour.[163] In 1988 IBM exited the Photocopier industry, selling its interests to Kodak for an undisclosed sum.[164] On Sept. 10, 1996 Kodak announced it was selling its Copier business to Danka for $684 million in cash,[76] while Danka was later acquired by Konica Minolta in 2008.[165]

Photographic film and paper [edit]

Kodak continues to produce specialty films and film for newer and more popular consumer formats, but it has discontinued the manufacture of film in older and less popular formats.

Kodak is a leading producer of silver halide (AgX) paper used for printing from film and digital images. Minilabs located in retail stores and larger central photo lab operations (CLOs) use silver halide paper for photo printing. In 2005, Kodak announced it would stop producing black-and-white photo paper.[166]

Photo kiosks [edit]

A Kodak NexPress 2500 digital printing press

Kodak is a manufacturer of self-service photo kiosks that produce "prints in seconds" from multiple sources including digital input, scanned prints, Facebook, the Kodak Gallery and orders placed on-line using thermosublimation printers. The company has placed over 100,000 Picture Kiosks in retail locations worldwide.[167] Employing similar technology, Kodak also offers larger printing systems with additional capabilities including duplex greeting cards, large format poster printers, photobooks and calendars under the brand name "APEX".[168]

Photography On Demand [edit]

After two years in development, Kodak has quietly launched its on-demand photography service platform, Kodakit, offering one tap photography service in 92 cities, 37 countries in early 2016. The launch was formally announced in January 2017 at Consumer Electronics Show in Las Vegas. Kodakit initially targeted consumers looking for wedding and portrait photography, but soon shifted towards businesses seeking high volume photography – real estate, food photography, and head shots. Having failed to generate enough traction to justify its existence and facing competition from fast growing startups like Meero and Splento, the Singapore-based subsidiary announced that it will be shutting down the operations.[ citation needed ]

Operations [edit]

Subsidiaries [edit]

Six-20 Brownie Junior camera, Kodak Ltd., UK, 1934–1938. National Museum of Scotland, Edinburgh, Scotland, UK

  • Kodak Limited (UK)
    • the company's sales and marketing headquarters are located in Watford, UK, with Kodak Alaris operating in Hemel Hempstead, Hertfordshire
    • manufacturing facilities used to be sited at Harrow in north-west London (Kodak Harrow, closed in 2016), Morley in Leeds (closed in 2014[169]), Kirkby near Liverpool (closed in 2007), Annesley in Nottinghamshire (closed in 2005) which is now home to Sherwood Business Park.[170]
  • FPC, Inc.
    • FPC, US/Canada
    • FPC Italy
  • Kodak Graphic Communications Group (Kodak Israel)

Kodak Research Laboratories [edit]

The Kodak Research Laboratories were founded in 1912 with Kenneth Mees as the first director.[171] Principal components of the Kodak Research Laboratories were the Photographic Research Laboratories and then the Imaging Research Laboratories. Additional organizations included the Corporate Research Laboratories. Over nearly a century, scientists at these laboratories produced thousands of patents and scientific publications.[172]

Notable people [edit]

Leadership [edit]

Name Title Tenure
Henry A. Strong President 1884 – July 26, 1919
George Eastman President 1921 – April 7, 1925
William G. Stuber President 1925–1934
Frank W. Lovejoy President 1934–1941
Thomas J. Hargrave President 1941–1952
Albert K. Chapman President 1952–1960
William S. Vaughn President and CEO 1960 – December 31, 1968
Louis K. Eilers President and CEO January 1, 1969 – May 17, 1972
Robert Moyer President 1976–1989
Gerald B. Zornow Chairman 1970–1984
Walter A. Fallon CEO May 18, 1972 – 1983
Colby H. Chandler CEO May 1983 – June 1990
Kay R. Whitmore CEO June 1990 – October 27, 1993
George M. C. Fisher CEO October 28, 1993 – December 31, 1999
Daniel A. Carp CEO January 1, 2000 – May 31, 2005
Antonio M. Pérez Chairman and CEO June 1, 2005 – 2014
Jeff Clarke CEO March 12, 2014 – February 21, 2019
Jim Continenza Executive chairman February 21, 2019–present

Board of directors [edit]

As of October 2020:[173]

  • James Continenza, chairman and CEO of Kodak
  • Richard Bradley, former CEO of Mozido
  • Jeffrey Engelberg, co-founder of Additive Advisory and Capital
  • George Karfunkel, chairman of Sabr
  • Philippe Katz, UECC executive
  • Jason New, co-CEO of Onex Credit
  • William Parrett, former CEO of Deloitte

Scientists [edit]

  • Bryce Bayer, color scientist (1929–2012)
  • Harry Coover, polymer chemist (1917–2011)
  • F. J. Duarte, laser physicist and author (left in 2006)
  • Loyd A. Jones, camouflage physicist (1884–1954)
  • Maurice Loyal Huggins, polymer scientist (1897–1981)
  • Rudolf Kingslake, optical designer (1903–2003)
  • David MacAdam, color scientist (1910–1998)
  • Kenneth Mees, film scientist and founder of the research laboratories (1882–1960)
  • Perley G. Nutting, physicist and founder of OSA (1873–1949)
  • Steven Sasson, electrical engineer
  • Steven Van Slyke, OLED scientist (left in 2010)
  • Warren J. Smith, optical engineer (1922–2008)
  • Ching W. Tang, OLED scientist (left in 2006)
  • Arthur Widmer, Special Effects Film Pioneer and receiver of an Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences Award of Commendation (1914–2006)

Photographers [edit]

  • Jeannette Klute, research photographer (1918–2009)

Archive donation [edit]

In 2005, Kodak Canada donated its entire historic company archives to Ryerson University in Toronto, Ontario, Canada. The Ryerson University Library also acquired an extensive collection of materials on the history of photography from the private collection of Nicholas M. and Marilyn A. Graver of Rochester, New York.[174] The Kodak Archives, begun in 1909, contain the company's Camera Collection, historic photos, files, trade circulars, Kodak magazines, price lists, daily record books, equipment, and other ephemera. It includes the contents of the Kodak Heritage Collection Museum, a museum established in 1999 for Kodak Canada's centennial that Kodak closed in 2005 along with the company's entire "Kodak Heights" manufacturing campus in Mount Dennis, Toronto.[175]

Departure from Better Business Bureau [edit]

On March 26, 2007, the Council of Better Business Bureaus (CBBB) announced that Eastman Kodak was resigning its national membership in the wake of expulsion proceedings initiated by the CBBB board of directors.[176] In 2006, Kodak notified the BBB of Upstate New York that it would no longer accept or respond to consumer complaints submitted by them. In prior years, Kodak responded by offering consumers an adjustment or an explanation of the company's position. The BBB file contains consumer complaints of problems with repairs of Kodak digital cameras, as well as difficulty communicating with Kodak customer service. Among other complaints, consumers say that their cameras broke and they were charged for repairs when the failure was not the result of any damage or abuse. Some say their cameras failed again after being repaired.[ citation needed ]

Kodak said its customer service and customer privacy teams concluded that 99% of all complaints forwarded by the BBB already were handled directly with the customer. Brian O'Connor, Kodak chief privacy officer, said the company was surprised by the news release distributed by the Better Business Bureau:

It is inaccurate in the facts presented as well as those the BBB chose to omit. Ironically, we ultimately decided to resign our membership because we were extremely unhappy with the customer service we received from the local office of the BBB. After years of unproductive discussions with the local office regarding their Web site postings about Kodak, which in our view were consistently inaccurate, we came to the conclusion that their process added no value to our own. Our commitment to our customers is unwavering. That will not change. What has changed is that, for us, the BBB's customer complaint process has become redundant, given the multiple and immediate ways that customers have to address their concerns directly with Kodak.[177]

Xinjiang controversy [edit]

In July 2021, Kodak removed a post on Xinjiang from its Instagram page. The photo was taken by the photographer Patrick Wack who describes the region as an "Orwellian dystopia" in a reference to the Uyghur genocide. In later statements on Instagram and WeChat, Kodak declared its Instagram page was not a "platform for political commentary" and affirmed their "close cooperation with various [Chinese] government departments".[178] [179]

See also [edit]

  • Eastman Business Park, formerly Kodak Park
  • Kodak Vision Award
  • List of products manufactured by Kodak

References [edit]

  1. ^ a b c d e "Eastman Kodak Company". US: Eastman Kodak Company. 2020.
  2. ^ "Eastman Kodak Number of Employees 2006–2020 | KODK". www.macrotrends.net . Retrieved April 15, 2021.
  3. ^ "Certificate of amendment to the restated certificate of incorporation of Eastman Kodak company" (PDF). New Jersey division of revenue. June 8, 2005. Retrieved January 7, 2008.
  4. ^ a b "DISCLOSURE STATEMENT FOR DEBTORS' JOINT PLAN OF REORGANIZATION UNDER CHAPTER 11 OF THE BANKRUPTCY CODE". April 30, 2013. Retrieved October 1, 2013.
  5. ^ a b "Kodak Announces Emergence From Bankruptcy". September 3, 2013. Retrieved October 2, 2013.
  6. ^ a b c "Kodak creating new business divisions". Rochester Democrat and Chronicle . Retrieved December 30, 2016.
  7. ^ "Eastman Kodak Company: That's the New Name of the Big Corporation". Democrat and Chronicle. Rochester, New York. May 24, 1892. p. 9. Retrieved May 13, 2021.
  8. ^ Rees, Jasper (January 20, 2012). "The end of our Kodak moment". The Telegraph. London. Archived from the original on January 20, 2012. Retrieved January 20, 2012.
  9. ^ a b c d Hiltzik, Michael (December 4, 2011). "Kodak's long fade to black". Los Angeles Times . Retrieved December 11, 2011.
  10. ^ a b c d "Kodak embraces digital revolution". BBC News. January 13, 2004. Retrieved March 29, 2010.
  11. ^ a b Mattioli, Dana (April 19, 2010). "At Kodak, Patents Hold the Key to the Future". The Wall Street Journal . Retrieved July 8, 2011.
  12. ^ a b "Kodak files for bankruptcy, plans biz overhaul". Business Standard. January 19, 2012. Retrieved January 19, 2012.
  13. ^ a b c d McCarty, Dawn; Jinks, Beth (January 19, 2012). "Kodak Files for Bankruptcy Protection". Bloomberg. Retrieved January 19, 2012.
  14. ^ a b c J. de la Merced, Michael (January 19, 2012). "Eastman Kodak Files for Bankruptcy". The New York Times . Retrieved January 19, 2012.
  15. ^ Pepitone, Julianne (February 9, 2012). "Kodak ditches digital camera business". CNN.
  16. ^ M Lowe, Scott (August 24, 2012). "Kodak announces plans to sell still film, commercial scanner, and kiosk divisions". The Verge . Retrieved August 24, 2012.
  17. ^ Gilbert, Ben (January 23, 2013). "Court approves Kodak financing, could exit bankruptcy by mid-2013". Engadget.com. Retrieved March 3, 2013.
  18. ^ Brachmann, Steve (November 1, 2014). "The Rise and Fall of the Company that Invented Digital Cameras| Patents & Patent Law". IPWatchdog.com | Patents & Patent Law . Retrieved May 24, 2017.
  19. ^ Adamczyk, Maciej (December 20, 2012). "Apple i Google pośród firm, które zapłaciły za patenty Kodaka 525 milionów dolarów". Magazyn T3 (in Polish). Retrieved August 22, 2020.
  20. ^ Skillings, Jon; Kerstetter, Jim (December 19, 2012). "Kodak sells its imaging patents for $525M". CNET . Retrieved August 22, 2020.
  21. ^ a b c Daneman, Matthew (September 3, 2013). "Kodak bankruptcy officially ends". USA Today . Retrieved October 1, 2013.
  22. ^ "Kodak emerges from bankruptcy with focus on commercial printing". Reuters. September 3, 2013. Retrieved October 1, 2013.
  23. ^ "Kodak Exits Bankruptcy". The New York Times. September 3, 2013.
  24. ^ "Kodak". www.kodak.com . Retrieved July 30, 2020.
  25. ^ "The story behind Kodak Trademark". Kiplinger's Personal Finance. April 1962. p. 40.
  26. ^ Nemenoff, Ben. "Houston, David Henderson". nd.gov. Archived from the original on May 30, 2010. Retrieved September 5, 2010.
  27. ^ "The History of a Word," full-page ad, Photoplay, March 1920, p. 88.
  28. ^ Lucas, Henry C. (2012). The Search for Survival: Lessons from Disruptive Technologies. ABC-CLIO. p. 16. ISBN9781440802775 . Retrieved May 12, 2016.
  29. ^ a b Scheyder, Ernest (January 19, 2012). "Focus on past glory kept Kodak from digital win". Reuters. Archived from the original on July 15, 2019.
  30. ^ [U.S. Patent 4,131,919 "How a US Patent Protects You, and Does Your Project Qualify for a US Patent?"]. World Patent Information. 19 (3): 239. September 1997. doi:10.1016/s0172-2190(97)90099-5.
  31. ^ "Kodak No. 1 – Camera-wiki.org – The free camera encyclopedia". camera-wiki.org . Retrieved December 13, 2020.
  32. ^ Paster, James E. (June 1, 1992). "Advertising immortality by Kodak". History of Photography. 16 (2): 135–139. doi:10.1080/03087298.1992.10442537. ISSN 0308-7298.
  33. ^ a b "Original Kodak Camera, Serial No. 540". National Museum of American History . Retrieved December 13, 2020.
  34. ^ "Kodak (original)1888". www.kodaksefke.nl . Retrieved December 13, 2020.
  35. ^ a b "The last Kodak moment?". The Economist. January 14, 2012. Retrieved September 28, 2016.
  36. ^ World Trade Organization. "DS44 Japan — Measures Affecting Consumer Photographic Film and Paper". WTO. Retrieved January 23, 2012.
  37. ^ "The Kodak – Fuji Rivalry | Business Strategy Case Studies | Business, Management Strategies Cases | Case Study". Icmrindia.org. Retrieved January 19, 2012.
  38. ^ "fujicasestudy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on August 17, 2016. Retrieved January 19, 2012.
  39. ^ "Evolution of our brand logo". Eastman Kodak. Archived from the original on February 25, 2012. Retrieved June 3, 2016.
  40. ^ "Kodak's Last Days". nst.com. February 5, 2012. Archived from the original on March 15, 2012. Retrieved March 14, 2012.
  41. ^ "Steven Sasson named to CE Hall of Fame". letsgodigital.org. September 18, 2007. Retrieved March 14, 2012.
  42. ^ a b c "Mistakes Made On The Road To Innovation". Businessweek.com. November 27, 2006. Retrieved January 19, 2012.
  43. ^ "Kodak: Mistakes Made on the Road to Innovation". Bloomberg.com. Bloomberg. September 17, 2007. Retrieved December 20, 2016.
  44. ^ Jinks, Beth; Childs, Mary (January 20, 2012). "Kodak Bankruptcy May Shed Photography, Bet on Digital Printing". Bloomberg.
  45. ^ a b "Kodak:What led to bankruptcy – Hindustan Times". HindustanTimes.com. January 22, 2012. Archived from the original on March 13, 2014. Retrieved January 31, 2014.
  46. ^ a b Scheyder, Ernest (December 24, 2011). "As Kodak struggles, Eastman Chemical thrives". Reuters . Retrieved January 19, 2012.
  47. ^ "Kodak, Yahoo and RIM: Death comes for us all". News. CBS. Retrieved January 19, 2012.
  48. ^ a b Martin, Andrew (October 20, 2011). "Kodak's Bet on Its Printers Fails to Quell the Doubters". The New York Times.
  49. ^ a b "Kodak quits printers, wants new deadline". USA Today. September 28, 2012. Retrieved September 29, 2012.
  50. ^ Don Reisinger, CNET. "Kodak wins key battle in Apple patent case." May 13, 2011. Retrieved May 13, 2011.
  51. ^ "Notice of Commission Determination" (PDF).
  52. ^ a b "Kodak may file for bankruptcy". IBNLive (Report). IN. Archived from the original on January 9, 2012. Retrieved January 19, 2012.
  53. ^ Haunss, Kristen (January 13, 2012). "Kodak Said in Talks With Citigroup on Bankruptcy Financing". Bloomberg. Retrieved January 19, 2012.
  54. ^ "Kodak gets 2013 deadline to reorganise". IBNLive. IN. Archived from the original on January 23, 2012. Retrieved January 21, 2012.
  55. ^ 明, 星编辑 (April 19, 2013). "P&E：单电外观曝光 柯达重现展会现场" (in Chinese). CN: Zol.
  56. ^ "New pictures of the Kodak S1 MFT camera…". Four-Thirds Rumors. April 25, 2013.
  57. ^ "Jeff Clarke Elected CEO of Kodak". March 12, 2014.
  58. ^ a b "Kodak Names Tech Veteran as CEO". The Wall Street Journal. March 12, 2014. Retrieved March 12, 2014.
  59. ^ a b "Kodak Names Oribitz Chairman Clarke as New CEO". Bloomberg. March 12, 2014.
  60. ^ "Eastman Kodak Company: Private Company Information – Bloomberg". www.bloomberg.com . Retrieved August 21, 2017.
  61. ^ Rochester University History Dept Archived November 14, 2010, at the Wayback Machine Eastman Dry Plate
  62. ^ "From the Camera Obscura to the Revolutionary Kodak". George Eastman Museum. Retrieved September 3, 2020.
  63. ^ a b c d This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain:Rines, George Edwin, ed. (1920). "Kodak". Encyclopedia Americana.
  64. ^ a b "History of Kodak". Kodak. Archived from the original on January 7, 2012. Retrieved January 20, 2012.
  65. ^ Coe, Brian (1978). Cameras . Crown Publishing, Inc. ISBN0-517-53381-2.
  66. ^ Gordon, John Steele (October 2003). "What digital camera makers can learn from George Eastman". American Heritage. Archived from the original on December 13, 2007. Retrieved January 7, 2008.
  67. ^ Brayer, Elizabeth (1996). George Eastman . The Johns Hopkins University Press. ISBN0-8018-5263-3.
  68. ^ a b "Dow Jones Industrial Average History" (PDF). Dow Jones Indexes. Archived from the original (PDF) on May 28, 2008. Retrieved June 15, 2008.
  69. ^ "EASTMAN A SUICIDE; NOTE TO HIS FRIENDS SAYS 'WORK IS DONE'". timesmachine.nytimes.com. March 15, 1932. Retrieved February 14, 2020.
  70. ^ Peck, Merton J. & Scherer, Frederic M. The Weapons Acquisition Process: An Economic Analysis (1962) Harvard Business School p.619
  71. ^ Webb, J. H. (1949). The Fogging of Photographic Film by Radioactive Contaminants in Cardboard Packaging Materials
  72. ^ O. G. Peterson, S. A. Tuccio, B. B. Snavely, CW operation of an organic dye solution dye laser, Appl. Phys. Lett. 42, 1917–1918 (1970).
  73. ^ a b "Document Imaging". Kodak . Retrieved November 8, 2021.
  74. ^ "Kodak To Buy Sterling Drug". tribunedigital-chicagotribune.
  75. ^ C. H. Chen, J. L. Fox, F. J. Duarte, Lasing characteristics of new-coumarin-analog dyes: broadband and narrow-linewidth performance, Appl. Opt. 27, 443–445 (1988).
  76. ^ a b c Canedy, Dana (September 10, 1996). "Danka to Buy Part of Kodak Copier Unit for $684 Million". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved November 8, 2021.
  77. ^ Black, Larry (June 16, 1993). "Kodak to spin off chemicals: Eastman will become independent by the end of this year". The Independent. London. Retrieved January 21, 2012.
  78. ^ "One Eastman Chemical share set for 4 of Kodak". The New York Times. December 11, 1993. Retrieved January 21, 2012.
  79. ^ "Kodak acquires Algotec for $42.5 million". The Engineer. November 18, 2003.
  80. ^ "Kodak cuts 15,000 jobs worldwide". BBC News. January 22, 2004. Retrieved January 2, 2012.
  81. ^ Teather, David (January 23, 2004). "Kodak pulls shutter down on its past". The Guardian. London. Retrieved January 2, 2012.
  82. ^ "Kodak To Market Lexar Memory Cards". Forbes. May 17, 2004.
  83. ^ "Kodak to Purchase OREX, Leader in Computed Radiography Products for Specialty Markets". Diagnostico Journal. January 18, 2005. Archived from the original on April 26, 2012.
  84. ^ Sullivan, Terry (April 25, 2006). "Kodak's Small, Sleek…Superzoom?". PC Mag. Retrieved December 19, 2011.
  85. ^ "Kodak intros wireless digital cameras". Macworld. April 25, 2006. Retrieved December 19, 2011.
  86. ^ "Kodak Posts a Wider Loss". The New York Times. August 2, 2006. Retrieved January 2, 2012.
  87. ^ "Slumping film sales leave Kodak figures deep in red". The Guardian. London. August 2, 2006. Retrieved January 2, 2012.
  88. ^ "Kodak to Sell Health Group to Onex for up to $2.55 billion". Eastman Kodak. January 10, 2007. Archived from the original on October 13, 2007. Retrieved January 7, 2008.
  89. ^ "Kodak Completes Sale of Health Group to Onex". Eastman Kodak. May 1, 2007. Archived from the original on October 13, 2007. Retrieved January 7, 2008.
  90. ^ "Rohm and Haas to buy Kodak's light management films unit". Reuters. April 19, 2007. Retrieved January 22, 2012.
  91. ^ "Chi Mei, Kodak ink deal to make slimmer screens". Taipei Times. May 26, 2007. Retrieved January 15, 2012.
  92. ^ "Color Filter Array 2.0". June 14, 2007. Archived from the original on July 20, 2007.
  93. ^ "Press Release: Kodak and Lexar Announce New Extended Five-Year Agreement". Eastman Kodak. September 4, 2007. Retrieved December 9, 2008.
  94. ^ Boehret, Katherine (November 26, 2008). "Family Snapshots in the Splendor of HD". The Wall Street Journal.
  95. ^ Paul, Franklin (January 29, 2009). "Kodak to cut up to 4,500 jobs". Reuters.com. Retrieved January 19, 2012.
  96. ^ "Kodak Will Retire Kodachrome, Its Oldest Color Film Stock". The New York Times. June 22, 2009. Retrieved December 26, 2011.
  97. ^ Topping, Alexandra (June 23, 2009). "Mama, they've taken away my nice bright Kodachrome colours". The Guardian. London. Retrieved December 26, 2011.
  98. ^ Qualex
  99. ^ "Rocnow.com". Rocnow.com. Retrieved January 19, 2012.
  100. ^ "S&P ousts Kodak, but its shares rise". Democrat and Chronicle. Rochester, New York. December 12, 2010. ISSN 1088-5153. Retrieved December 13, 2010.
  101. ^ Spector, Mike; Mattioli, Dana (September 30, 2011). "Kodak Hires Restructuring Lawyers". WSJ . Retrieved September 30, 2011.
  102. ^ "Beleaguered Kodak faces delisting from NYSE". Chicago Tribune. January 3, 2012. Archived from the original on January 6, 2012.
  103. ^ Humer, Caroline (January 10, 2012). "Struggling Kodak film group split up, shares soar". Reuters . Retrieved January 15, 2012.
  104. ^ Jarzemsky, Matt (January 10, 2012). "Kodak separates business into consumer and commercial segments". The Australian . Retrieved January 15, 2012.
  105. ^ "Photography icon Eastman Kodak has filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy. –". USA Today. January 19, 2012. Retrieved January 19, 2012.
  106. ^ "Truesense Imaging Announces Independent Operation – Truesense Imaging, Inc". Truesenseimaging.com. Archived from the original on May 17, 2013. Retrieved March 3, 2013.
  107. ^ "Kodak to Cease Digital Camera Production". PC Magazine. February 9, 2012. Retrieved February 9, 2012.
  108. ^ "Kodak Focuses Consumer Business On More Profitable Growth Opportunities". Kodak. February 9, 2012. Retrieved February 9, 2012.
  109. ^ "Kodak to sell film business that made its name". The Chicago Tribune. August 24, 2012. Retrieved August 24, 2012.
  110. ^ Jones, Roland. "Kodak plans to cut another 1,000 jobs". NBC News. Archived from the original on September 19, 2012. Retrieved September 10, 2012.
  111. ^ "Kodak in $525 mln patent deal, eyes bankruptcy end". Reuters. December 19, 2012. Retrieved December 20, 2012.
  112. ^ "Kodak selling two businesses to pension plan". USA Today. April 29, 2013. Retrieved October 1, 2013.
  113. ^ "Kodak emerges from Chapter 11". Screen Daily. September 4, 2012. Retrieved September 13, 2012.
  114. ^ "Video "The opening of the new Kodak"". October 17, 2013. Retrieved October 25, 2013.
  115. ^ "Video "Jeff Clarke's Message to Employees"". March 12, 2014. Retrieved March 12, 2014.
  116. ^ Fritz, Ben, Movie film, at death's door, gets a reprieve, Wall Street Journal, July 30, 2014, p.B1
  117. ^ Velazco, Chris. "Kodak's finally making smartphones (sort of)". Retrieved December 26, 2014.
  118. ^ Burgess, Matt (October 20, 2016). "Hands-on with Kodak's £449 Ektra – the camera maker's first phone". Wired. Conde Nast UK. Retrieved December 22, 2016.
  119. ^ "Loading site please wait..." www.kodak.com . Retrieved August 24, 2017.
  120. ^ Frankel, Todd C. (January 6, 2017). "Kodak says it's bringing back Ektachrome film, and photographers everywhere are smiling". The Washington Post.
  121. ^ "KODAK EKTRA, the Camera-First Smartphone, Launches in the United States". www.kodak.com . Retrieved August 24, 2017.
  122. ^ "KODAK Tablets launch throughout Europe". www.kodak.com . Retrieved August 24, 2017.
  123. ^ Jeremy Herron, "Kodak Surges After Announcing Plans to Launch Cryptocurrency Called 'Kodakcoin'," Bloomberg Businessweek, January 9, 2018.
  124. ^ Shah, Saqib (September 25, 2018). "Kodak's retro Ektachrome film arrives after a long wait". www.msn.com . Retrieved September 26, 2018.
  125. ^ Rampton, Roberta (July 28, 2020). "Trump Gives Medical Stockpile A 'Kodak Moment' With New Loan To Make Drugs". NPR . Retrieved July 28, 2020.
  126. ^ Rappeport, Alan; Swanson, Ana; Thrush, Glenn (October 25, 2020). "Kodak Loan Debacle Puts a New Agency in the Hot Seat". The New York Times . Retrieved October 28, 2020.
  127. ^ Garber, Jonathan (July 29, 2020). "Kodak stock up 2,189% after Trump backs pivot into drug industry". Fox Business . Retrieved July 29, 2020.
  128. ^ Drucker, Jesse (July 31, 2020). "Kodak C.E.O. Got Stock Options Day Before News of Loan Sent Stock Soaring". The New York Times . Retrieved August 3, 2020.
  129. ^ Michaels, Dave; Francis, Theo (August 4, 2020). "Kodak Loan Disclosure and Stock Surge Under SEC Investigation". The Wall Street Journal . Retrieved October 28, 2020.
  130. ^ Levy, Rachael (September 14, 2020). "Kodak Deal Draws Review From Watchdog at Agency Involved in Planned Loan". The Wall Street Journal . Retrieved October 28, 2020.
  131. ^ Ives, Mike (July 21, 2021). "Kodak Deletes Post by Photographer Who Called Xinjiang an 'Orwellian Dystopia'". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved July 21, 2021.
  132. ^ "Kodak Proclaims, 'We Are Ready' for Whatever Life after Chapter 11 May Bring". September 6, 2013. Retrieved November 11, 2013.
  133. ^ a b "Update: Kodak exits Chapter 11". PrintWeek. September 4, 2013. Retrieved November 11, 2013.
  134. ^ "AP EXCLUSIVE: Kodak CEO talks company's future". September 3, 2013. Retrieved November 11, 2013.
  135. ^ "Me & my: Kodak NexPress SX3900". PrintWeek. September 30, 2013. Retrieved November 11, 2013.
  136. ^ "Tried & Tested: Kodak Digimaster". January 21, 2011. Archived from the original on November 13, 2013. Retrieved November 11, 2013.
  137. ^ "KODAK FLEXCEL NX System – Kodak Graphic Communications Group". Graphics.kodak.com. Retrieved December 11, 2011.
  138. ^ "Kodak Sees Bright Future in Imaging for Business". September 5, 2013. Retrieved November 11, 2013.
  139. ^ "Kodak, Kingsbury ink deal on touch-screen sensors". June 27, 2013. Archived from the original on November 13, 2013. Retrieved November 11, 2013.
  140. ^ "Kodak, UniPixel have renamed their touch-screen sensor line". September 25, 2013. Retrieved January 31, 2014.
  141. ^ "Kodak To Buy Heidelberg's Digital Business". In-plant graphics. April 1, 2004. Retrieved September 2, 2015.
  142. ^ "Digital Printing Solution – Kodak Graphics Communications Group". Eastman Kodak.
  143. ^ "Kodak Revolutionizes the Inkjet Industry". Eastman Kodak. February 6, 2007.
  144. ^ "Kodak to stop selling inkjet printers from 2013". Reuters. September 28, 2012. Retrieved September 28, 2012.
  145. ^ "Kodak Emerges From Bankruptcy". Variety. September 3, 2013. Retrieved January 31, 2014.
  146. ^ "Kodak sells British visual effects house Cinesite". Los Angeles Times. May 10, 2012. Retrieved January 31, 2014.
  147. ^ "Technicolor buys LaserPacific; sells NY assets". fxguide. July 29, 2011. Retrieved February 14, 2020.
  148. ^ "LAC Group Acquires Kodak's PRO-TEK Film Preservation Subsidiary to Expand Information Curation and Stewardship Services". October 16, 2013. Retrieved November 11, 2013.
  149. ^ "Polaroid Corp. v. Eastman Kodak Co". October 12, 1990. Archived from the original on June 9, 2007.
  150. ^ "History — Truesense Imaging, Inc". Archived from the original on July 20, 2013. Retrieved June 27, 2013.
  151. ^ "Kodak Diskettes". The New York Times. December 14, 1983.
  152. ^ "Announcement By Kodak Due". The New York Times. October 23, 1984.
  153. ^ Stuart Diamond (March 14, 1985). "Kodak in Accord To Buy Verbatim". The New York Times.
  154. ^ Kathleen Day (March 14, 1985). "Kodak to Buy Verbatim for $175 Million". Los Angeles Times.
  155. ^ "Polaroid bought Data Encore from Verbatim". Los Angeles Times. March 21, 1985.
  156. ^ a b "Kodak to Sell Verbatim to Mitsubishi Kasei". Los Angeles Times. March 28, 1990.
  157. ^ "Kodak outsources much of its manufacturing to Flextronics". www.reliableplant.com . Retrieved January 15, 2021.
  158. ^ "Flextronics to manufacture cameras for Kodak". EE Times. January 8, 2016. Retrieved January 15, 2021.
  159. ^ "Weave Innovations StoryBox". Gadget Central. April 4, 2000. Archived from the original on February 24, 2020. Retrieved May 18, 2007.
  160. ^ Scoblete, Greg (March 12, 2001). "Digital Frames Make Inroads In Consumer Market". Twice. Archived from the original on October 14, 2007. Retrieved January 7, 2008.
  161. ^ Rubin, Ben Fox (March 1, 2012). "Kodak Agrees to Sell Gallery to Shutterfly". Wall Street Journal . Retrieved March 12, 2012.
  162. ^ "Insurance | Case Studies | Gore Success Story". Microdea.com. Archived from the original on July 14, 2011. Retrieved December 11, 2011.
  163. ^ "Kodak unveils high-volume copiers". UPI . Retrieved November 8, 2021.
  164. ^ "Kodak to Buy Big Part of IBM Copier Business". Los Angeles Times. April 20, 1988. Retrieved November 8, 2021.
  165. ^ "Konica Minolta Completes Acquisition of Danka Office Imaging Company".
  166. ^ "Kodak to Stop Making Black-and-White Paper". Fox News. June 16, 2005. Retrieved January 7, 2008.
  167. ^ "KODAK, Esprida offer Remote Business Manager for photo kiosks". Kiosk Marketplace. October 10, 2006. Archived from the original on December 13, 2007. Retrieved January 7, 2008.
  168. ^ "KODAK Adaptive Picture Exchange (APEX)". Kodak. June 24, 2010. Retrieved September 28, 2016.
  169. ^ "Jobs to go with closure of Kodak factory in Leeds". BBC News. March 3, 2014.
  170. ^ "Serviced Offices To Rent in Nottingham". Pure Offices . Retrieved February 23, 2021.
  171. ^ T. H. James, Journey: 75 Years of Kodak Research (Eastman Kodak Company, Rochester, 1989).
  172. ^ "StackPath". www.kodak.com.
  173. ^ https://investor.kodak.com/corporate-governance/board-of-directors Kodak Board
  174. ^ Burley, Robert (February 21, 2007). "Back to the Future – Photography in the 21st Century, February 21, 2007". The Photographic Historical Society of Canada. Retrieved October 1, 2011.
  175. ^ "Special Collections: Kodak Canada Corporate Archives and Heritage Collection". Ryerson University Library and Archives. Retrieved October 1, 2011.
  176. ^ "Eastman Kodak Resigns from Council of Better Business Bureaus After Expulsion Proceedings are Initiated". Better Business Bureau. March 26, 2007. Archived from the original on February 1, 2014. Retrieved January 31, 2014.
  177. ^ Rochester Business Journal, March 26, 2007
  178. ^ Ives, Mike (July 21, 2021). "Kodak Deletes Post by Photographer Who Called Xinjiang an 'Orwellian Dystopia'". The New York Times.
  179. ^ "Kodak deletes Xinjiang photo from Instagram, vows to 'respect Chinese gov't'". Hong Kong Free Press HKFP. July 21, 2021.

Bibliography [edit]

  • Ackerman, Carl William, George Eastman: founder of Kodak and the photography business, Beard Books, Washington, DC, 2000.
  • Binant, Philippe, Au coeur de la projection numérique, Actions, 29, 12–13, Kodak, Paris, 2007.

External links [edit]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Kodak.
  • Business data for Kodak:
    • Google Finance
    • Yahoo! Finance
    • Bloomberg
    • Reuters
    • SEC filings
  • Kodak – consumer website
  • Kodak – corporate website
  • Subsidiaries:
    • Kodak Limited (UK)
    • FPC, Inc.
  • Kodak Alaris website
  • Kodak Camera Catalog Info at Historic Camera
  • Kodak at the Internet Movie Database

Super Splendor 2012 Model

Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kodak

Share:

Tidak ada komentar:

Posting Komentar

Recent Posts

banner